Representative 1H NMR (CD3OD, 500 MHz) spectrum confirming the structure of Brefeldin A. Representative 13C NMR (CD3OD, 125 MHz) spectrum supporting structural assignment of Brefeldin A.
Source Organism
Lecanicillium fungicola.
Summary
Brefeldin A is a macrolide that inhibits Golgi trafficking and is widely used to induce ER stress and study autophagy.
Details
Brefeldin A is a fungal macrolide metabolite produced by several species including Fusarium and Curvularia. It inhibits ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs), resulting in collapse of the Golgi apparatus into the endoplasmic reticulum and disruption of vesicular trafficking. Brefeldin A is extensively used as a research tool to induce ER stress, modulate autophagy, and study membrane trafficking. It also exhibits anticancer activity through induction of apoptosis and autophagic cell death and has been investigated in colorectal cancer and chronic myeloid leukemia models.